If Russia’s policy in Georgia in 2008 and in Ukraine, starting from 2014, had to show to the world that Russia is back, as a strong regional power in this part of Europe, so Russia’s actions in Syria was in some way a manifestation of claim that Russia is also the country with global foreign and security policy interests.
Everything started from Syria, because it was the only remaining place, where Russia had abroad, outside of CIS countries region, some military presence.
How to describe the current Russian Middle East policy? It’s common to hear, for example, that “Russia’s coming back to the Middle East as a Great Power” or “Russia has created a pole of attraction in the region, a new pole of strength”. The others say that “Russia has fallen in trap with its Middle East policy”. To be short it depends on the optic to perceive the ongoing in the region. In other words we have to do with duality in perceptions and the ensued analysis.
First of all, I would like to congratulate Ambassador S. Korsunsky, who was appointed to head the Diplomatic Academy several days ago, and wish him every success in reforming such an important institution in the system of the diplomatic service of Ukraine.
Today, we have decided to discuss the Middle East issues and analyze the role of Russia in creating problems in the region.
“Russia’s interference in the US presidential election in 2016 sent a signal to the West: democratic societies are deeply vulnerable to foreign influence,” writes Dr. Alina Polyakova in The Kremlin’s Trojan Horses 2.0: Russian Influence in Greece, Italy, and Spain, a new report from the Atlantic Council’s Eurasia Center. Following a successful installment on Russian influence in France, Germany, and the United Kingdom, this report examines Russian political presence in Southern Europe.
http://www.atlanticcouncil.org/publications/reports/the-kremlin-s-trojan-horses-2-0
This paper is a continuation of publications on the Kremlin’s subversive activity in Europe prepared by Free Russia Foundation. The first paper, The Kremlin’s Gas Games in Europe, published jointly with the Atlantic Council, looked at Gazprom’s overall current tactics in Europe, including its pipeline plans, energy propaganda, and other policies.
http://www.4freerussia.org/corruption-pipeline-threat-nord-stream-2-eu-security-democracy/














RAND researchers develop a framework to assess likely Russian reactions to ongoing and proposed NATO posture enhancements in Europe in order to help policymakers determine the utility and advisability of different options.
World Nuclear Weapons Survey, 2015